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LOS ANGELES (AP) 鈥� When artificial intelligence-backed tractors became available to vineyards, Tom Gamble wanted to be an early adopter. He knew there would be a learning curve, but Gamble decided the technology was worth figuring out.

The third-generation farmer bought one autonomous tractor. He plans on deploying its self-driving feature this spring and is currently using the tractor’s AI sensor to map his Napa Valley vineyard. As it learns each row, the tractor will know where to go once it is used autonomously. The AI within the machine will then process the data it collects and help Gamble make better-informed decisions about his crops 鈥� what he calls 鈥減recision farming.鈥�

鈥淚t鈥檚 not going to completely replace the human element of putting your boot into the vineyard, and that鈥檚 one of my favorite things to do,鈥� he said. 鈥淏ut it鈥檚 going to be able to allow you to work more smartly, more intelligently and in the end, make better decisions under less fatigue.鈥�

Gamble said he anticipates using the tech as much as possible because of 鈥渆conomic, air quality and regulatory imperatives.鈥� Autonomous tractors, he said, could help lower his fuel use and cut back on pollution.

As AI continues to grow, experts say that the wine industry is proof that businesses can integrate the technology efficiently to supplement labor without displacing a workforce. New agricultural tech like AI can help farmers to cut back on waste, and to run more efficient and sustainable vineyards by monitoring water use and helping determine when and where to use products like fertilizers or pest control. AI-backed tractors and irrigation systems, farmer say, can minimize water use by analyzing soil or vines, while also helping farmers to manage acres of vineyards by providing more accurate data on the health of a crop or what a season鈥檚 yield will be.

Other facets of the wine industry have also started adopting the tech, from using generative AI to create custom wine labels to turning to ChatGPT to develop, label and price an entire bottle.

鈥淚 don鈥檛 see anybody losing their job, because I think that a tractor operator鈥檚 skills are going to increase and as a result, and maybe they鈥檙e overseeing a small fleet of these machines that are out there, and they鈥檒l be compensated as a result of their increased skill level,鈥� he said.

Farmers, Gamble said, are always evolving. There were fears when the tractor replaced horses and mules pulling plows, but that technology 鈥減roved itself鈥� just like AI farming tech will, he said, adding that adopting any new tech always takes time.

Companies like John Deere have started using the AI that wine farmers are beginning to adopt. The agricultural giant uses 鈥淪mart Apply鈥� technology on tractors, for example, helping growers apply material for crop retention by using sensors and algorithms to sense foliage on grape canopies, said Sean Sundberg, business integration manager at John Deere.

The tractors that use that tech then only spray 鈥渨here there are grapes or leaves or whatnot so that it doesn鈥檛 spray material unnecessarily,鈥� he said. Last year, the company announced a project with Sonoma County Winegrowers to use tech to help wine grape growers maximize their yield.

Tyler Klick, partner at Redwood Empire Vineyard Management, said his company has started automating irrigation valves at the vineyards it helps manage. The valves send an alert in the event of a leak and will automatically shut off if they notice an 鈥渆xcessive鈥� water flow rate.

鈥淭hat valve is actually starting to learn typical water use,鈥� Klick said. 鈥淚t鈥檒l learn how much water is used before the production starts to fall off.鈥�

Klick said each valve costs roughly $600, plus $150 per acre each year to subscribe to the service.

鈥淥ur job, viticulture, is to adjust our operations to the climatic conditions we鈥檙e dealt,鈥� Klick said. 鈥淚 can see AI helping us with finite conditions.鈥�

Angelo A. Camillo, a professor of wine business at Sonoma State University, said that despite excitement over AI in the wine industry, some smaller vineyards are more skeptical about their ability to use the technology. Small, family-owned operations, which Camillo said account for about 80% of the wine business in America, are slowly disappearing 鈥� many don鈥檛 have the money to invest in AI, he said. A robotic arm that helps put together pallets of wine, for example, can cost as much as $150,000, he said.

鈥淔or small wineries, there鈥檚 a question mark, which is the investment. Then there鈥檚 the education. Who鈥檚 going to work with all of these AI applications? Where is the training?鈥� he said.

There are also potential challenges with scalability, Camillo added. Drones, for example, could be useful for smaller vineyards that could use AI to target specific crops that have a bug problem, he said 鈥� it would be much harder to operate 100 drones in a 1,000 acre vineyard while also employing the IT workers who understand the tech.

鈥淚 don鈥檛 think a person can manage 40 drones as a swarm of drones,鈥� he said. 鈥淪o there鈥檚 a constraint for the operators to adopt certain things.鈥�

However, AI is particularly good at tracking a crop鈥檚 health 鈥� including how the plant itself is doing and whether it鈥檚 growing enough leaves 鈥� while also monitoring grapes to aid in yield projections, said Mason Earles, an assistant professor who leads the Plant AI and Biophysics Lab at UC Davis.

Diseases or viruses can sneak up and destroy entire vineyards, Earles said, calling it an 鈥渆lephant in the room鈥� across the wine industry. The process of replanting a vineyard and getting it to produce well takes at least five years, he said. AI can help growers determine which virus is affecting their plants, he said, and whether they should rip out some crops immediately to avoid losing their entire vineyard.

Earles, who is also cofounder of the AI-powered farm management platform Scout, said his company uses AI to process thousands of images in hours and extract data quickly 鈥� something that would be difficult by hand in large vineyards that span hundreds of acres. Scout’s AI platform then counts and measures the number of grape clusters as early as when a plant is beginning to flower in order to forecast what a yield will be.

The sooner vintners know how much yield to expect, the better they can 鈥渄ial in鈥� their wine making process, he added.

鈥淧redicting what yields you鈥檙e going to have at the end of the season, no one is that good at it right now,鈥� he said. 鈥淏ut it鈥檚 really important because it determines how much labor contract you鈥檙e going to need and the supplies you鈥檒l need for making wine.鈥�

Earles doesn鈥檛 think the budding use of AI in vineyards is 鈥渇reaking farmers out.鈥� Rather, he anticipates that AI will be used more frequently to help with difficult field labor and to discern problems in vineyards that farmers need help with.

鈥淭hey鈥檝e seen people trying to sell them tech for decades. It鈥檚 hard to farm; it鈥檚 unpredictable compared to most other jobs,鈥� he said. 鈥淭he walking and counting, I think people would have said a long time ago, 鈥業 would happily let a machine take over.鈥欌��