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ST. LOUIS (AP) 鈥� As pressure grows to get artificial colors out of the U.S. food supply, the shift may well start at Abby Tampow鈥檚 laboratory desk.

On an April afternoon, the scientist hovered over tiny dishes of red dye, each a slightly different ruby hue. Her task? To match the synthetic shade used for years in a commercial bottled raspberry vinaigrette 鈥� but by using only natural ingredients.

鈥淲ith this red, it needs a little more orange,鈥� Tampow said, mixing a slurry of purplish black carrot juice with a bit of beta-carotene, an orange-red color made from algae.

Tampow is part of the team at Sensient Technologies Corp., one of the world鈥檚 largest dyemakers, that is rushing to help the salad dressing manufacturer 鈥� along with thousands of other American businesses 鈥� meet demands to overhaul colors used to brighten products from cereals to sports drinks.

鈥淢ost of our customers have decided that this is finally the time when they鈥檙e going to make that switch to a natural color,鈥� said Dave Gebhardt, Sensient鈥檚 senior technical director. He joined a recent tour of the Sensient Colors factory in a north St. Louis neighborhood.

Last week, U.S. health officials announced plans to persuade food companies to voluntarily eliminate petroleum-based artificial dyes by the end of 2026.

Health Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. called them 鈥減oisonous compounds鈥� that endanger children鈥檚 health and development, citing limited evidence of potential health risks.

The federal push follows a flurry of state laws and a to ban the artificial dye known as Red 3 鈥� found in cakes, candies and some medications 鈥� because of cancer risks in lab animals. Social media influencers and ordinary consumers have ramped up calls for artificial colors to be removed from foods.

A change to natural colors may not be fast

The FDA allows about three dozen color additives, including eight remaining synthetic dyes. But making the change from the petroleum-based dyes to colors derived from vegetables, fruits, flowers and even insects won鈥檛 be easy, fast or cheap, said Monica Giusti, an Ohio State University food color expert.

鈥淪tudy after study has shown that if all companies were to remove synthetic colors from their formulations, the supply of the natural alternatives would not be enough,鈥� Giusti said. 鈥淲e are not really ready.鈥�

It can take six months to a year to convert a single product from a synthetic dye to a natural one. And it could require three to four years to build up the supply of botanical products necessary for an industrywide shift, Sensient officials said.

鈥淚t鈥檚 not like there鈥檚 150 million pounds of beet juice sitting around waiting on the off chance the whole market may convert,鈥� said Paul Manning, the company’s chief executive. 鈥淭ens of millions of pounds of these products need to be grown, pulled out of the ground, extracted.鈥�

To make natural dyes, Sensient works with farmers and producers around the world to harvest the raw materials, which typically arrive at the plant as bulk concentrates. They鈥檙e processed and blended into liquids, granules or powders and then sent to food companies to be added to final products.

Natural dyes are harder to make and use than artificial colors. They are less consistent in color, less stable and subject to changes related to acidity, heat and light, Manning said. Blue is especially difficult. There aren’t many natural sources of the color and those that exist can be hard to maintain during processing.

Also, a natural color costs about 10 times more to make than the synthetic version, Manning estimated.

鈥淗ow do you get that same vividness, that same performance, that same level of safety in that product as you would in a synthetic product?鈥� he said. 鈥淭here鈥檚 a lot of complexity associated with that.鈥�

The insects that could make 鈥楤arbie pink鈥� naturally

Companies have long used the Red 3 synthetic dye to create what Sensient officials describe as 鈥渢he Barbie pink.鈥�

To create that color with a natural source might require the use of cochineal, an insect about the size of a peppercorn.

The female insects release a vibrant red pigment, carminic acid, in their bodies and eggs. The bugs live only on prickly pear cactuses in Peru and elsewhere. About 70,000 cochineal insects are needed to produce 1 kilogram, about 2.2 pounds, of dye.

鈥淚t’s interesting how the most exotic colors are found in the most exotic places,鈥� said Norb Norbrega, who travels the world scouting new hues for Sensient.

Artificial dyes are used widely in U.S. foods. About 1 in 5 food products in the U.S. contains added colors, whether natural or synthetic, Manning estimated. Many contain multiple colors.

FDA requires a sample of each batch of synthetic colors to be submitted for testing and certification. Color additives derived from plant, animal or mineral sources are exempt, but have been evaluated by the agency.

Health advocates have long called for the removal of artificial dyes from foods, citing mixed studies indicating they can cause neurobehavioral problems, including hyperactivity and attention issues, in some children.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration says that the approved dyes are safe when used according to regulations and that 鈥渕ost children have no adverse effects when consuming foods containing color additives.鈥�

But critics note that added colors are a key component of ultraprocessed foods, which account for more than 70% of the U.S. diet and have been associated with a host of chronic health problems, including heart disease, diabetes and obesity.

鈥淚 am all for getting artificial food dyes out of the food supply,鈥� said Marion Nestle, a food policy expert. 鈥淭hey are strictly cosmetic, have no health or safety purpose, are markers of ultraprocessed foods and may be harmful to some children.鈥�

The cautionary tale of Trix cereal

Color is powerful driver of consumer behavior and changes can backfire, Giusti noted. In 2016, food giant General Mills removed artificial dyes from Trix cereal after requests from consumers, switching to natural sources including turmeric, strawberries and radishes.

But the cereal lost its neon colors, resulting in more muted hues 鈥� and a consumer backlash. Trix fans said they missed the bright colors and familiar taste of the cereal. In 2017, the company switched back.

鈥淲hen it鈥檚 a product you already love, that you鈥檙e used to consuming, and it changes slightly, then it may not really be the same experience,鈥� Giusti said. 鈥淎nnouncing a regulatory change is one step, but then the implementation is another thing.鈥�

Kennedy, the health secretary, said U.S. officials have an 鈥渦nderstanding鈥� with food companies to phase out artificial colors. Industry officials told The Associated Press that there is no formal agreement.

However, several companies have said they plan to accelerate a shift to natural colors in some of their products.

PepsiCo CEO Ramon Laguarta said most of its products are already free of artificial colors, and that its Lays and Tostitos brands will phase them out by the end of this year. He said the company plans to phase out artificial colors 鈥� or at least offer consumers a natural alternative 鈥� over the next few years.

Representatives for General Mills said they鈥檙e 鈥渃ommitted to continuing the conversation鈥� with the administration. WK Kellogg officials said they are reformulating cereals used in the nation鈥檚 school lunch programs to eliminate the artificial dyes and will halt any new products containing them starting next January.

Sensient officials wouldn鈥檛 confirm which companies are seeking help making the switch, but they said they鈥檙e ready for the surge.

鈥淣ow that there鈥檚 a date, there鈥檚 the timeline,鈥� Manning said. 鈥淚t certainly requires action.鈥�

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Dee-Ann Durbin contributed reporting from Detroit.

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The Associated Press Health and Science Department receives support from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute鈥檚 Science and Educational Media Group and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. The AP is solely responsible for all content.